Concurrent pre-service teachers: An analysis of values

Thomas G. Ryan, Courtney R. Schruder and Stephanie Robinson
Nipissing University, Canada

Our investigation of axiology (study of values) allowed us to ascertain a hierarchy of values of pre-service education students concurrently enrolled in two degree programs. We discovered homogeneity which may be a consequence of the discipline (education) investigated and/or sampling, as 87% were female, which reflected the female dominance of the current Ontario pre-service education program at our University, and males totalled only 13%. Our values are linked to our understanding of self-concept and character we believed. Our survey data were examined in terms of gender, year of study, and division of study. Homogeneity of values was revealed within 'Terminal values' (end state of existence) as Family security was ranked highest. True friends was ranked second and Health ranked third; whereas Self-respect was ranked fourth and Freedom was fifth, leaving Equality sixth. For 'Instrumental values' (modes of conduct) being Honest was ranked highest by the entire sample (n=319) and Responsible was second. Loving was ranked third and Helpful was ranked fourth highest. Loyal was ranked fifth and Ambitious was ranked sixth. Teaching is not neutral therefore values clarification for teachers is a matter of identity as we need to be aware of what values we possess and employ within our praxes.

Introduction

Within CTF's vision statement, "prominence is given to the mission of the teaching profession to promote the well-being and education of all children and youth. One of the CTF priorities for 2005-2007 is to promote and encourage diversity and equity in public education" (p. i). This position closely supports Article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which states that educators must work towards:

The development of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values, for the national values of the country in which the child is living, the country from which he or she may originate, and for civilizations different from his or her own. (Canadian Teachers' Federation, 2005, p.16)

In Canada, a person wanting to become a teacher must undergo rigorous training in a post-secondary institution of higher learning. That 'would-be' teacher most likely was a Canadian student, and worked under the tutelage of many teachers over the course of eight elementary years of study, followed by four years of secondary level classes. An elementary or secondary student today will encounter an educator who is one of an estimated 220,000 teachers in Canada, according to a recent Canadian Teachers' Federation (2007) estimate.

Teachers in Canada receive initial (pre-service) training that includes classroom theory and practicum sessions where they are required to teach in schools. The theory portion of their studies requires an examination of "the social context of schools and their organisations, [and] teacher candidates investigate how changes in the values and composition of the Canadian population affect the nature of elementary and secondary schooling" (University of British Columbia. 2009, p. 25). This provincial observation is illustrative of the reality located in all Canadian provinces, as there is no national governing body in Canada Ð education is a provincial responsibility. Teacher candidates are "...expected to provide artifacts that reveal understandings of Canadian and world societal values as well as an understanding of, and advocacy and educational support for, the diverse populations that they serve (University of British Columbia, 2009, p. 25). Teacher educators who train teacher candidates, "have a responsibility not only to introduce aspiring teachers to the traditions, practices and values of the profession to date, but to respect and encourage their capacity to act in ways that renew the profession" (Erickson, Darling, Collins, & Kind, 2005, p. 20). The values that the educational institution communicates are not only transmitted in the early, formative years of schooling, but throughout an individual's time as a student, and even when they are making the transition from student to teacher.

Education is not an unbiased or neutral enterprise (Parkay, Hardcastle Stanford, Vaillancourt, Stephens, & Harris, 2012, p. 64). The people who become teachers have to be aware of values -- their own, those of the school system, and those of the general populace. It is a matter of axiological importance as we study values to be aware of what we should teach, encourage, adopt, and address as Graham (2007) explained,

Broadly speaking, axiology is the study of values. Axiologies are expressed materially in patterns of choices that are both culture-bound and definitive of different cultures. They are expressed in the language we use; in the friends we keep; in the clothes we wear; in what we read, write, and watch; in the technologies we use; in the gods we believe in and pray to; in the music we make and listen to -- indeed, in every kind of activity that can be counted as a definitive element of culture. (p. 1)

advance the following values and ideals: the teacher as a professional, a life-long learner and a social activist; the power of teaching and learning; the values of respect, inclusion, globalization and diversity; the value of collaboration with educational and public communities; and the importance of strong content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge. At a minimum, the principles provoke important discussions and the possibility of joint efforts on issues central to the advancement of teaching and learning across the country among faculties and departments of education, at government levels, and within associations and organizations such as the Canadian Teachers' Federation and Canadian Education Association. (p.75)

Initial teacher education programs in Canada tend to be viewed as a first, foundational stage in this professional development process. They are expected to provide an introduction to critical knowledge bases, skills, and practices that assist prospective teachers to develop a fundamental understanding of high quality student and teacher learning and performance. (p. 7)

Values permeate our being and surface via the curriculum as teachers teach, students learn, and education unfolds in our nation's classrooms (Ornstein, Pajak, & Ornstein, 2010, p. 23). Values are taught "explicitly in classrooms and through the activities and relationships of the school and its community. In schools, core values influence how people communicate, work together, and make decisions. They are reflected in the policies and procedures of schools" (New South Wales: Department of Education & Training, 2004, p. 2). Possibly the most obvious example of values education is witnessed in the recent emphasis on character education. As Sprang (2005) has noted, "character education is not a separate subject...rather it is a strategy that incorporates guiding principles into the existing curriculum and into daily experiences and interactions" (p. 3). "Character education and other forms of indoctrinative moral education has aimed at teaching universal values" (Ornstein et al., 2010).

Curriculum (the plan for learning) is changing constantly as society evolves and social concerns exert pressure and migrate into the curricula (Ornstein et al., 2010). In many schools, even holidays that have traditionally always been celebrated, are being questioned and the titles are undergoing changes in order to be more general and all encompassing. Christmas has morphed into "Winter Celebration", and, likewise other traditions have begun to give way to new means of commemoration that are inclusive and sensitive to the diversity within schools and communities. The diversity evident within teachers and their classrooms has begun to be valued in a different way; this is something that needs to be examined; yet it is not a straightforward or simple process. Granted, "teachers ought to be trained to reflect on what kind of teachers they are, (their values and beliefs) and how they became that way" (Cherubini, 2008, p. 12), however, failing this, an examination of personal values is an effort and catalyst to realise this goal.

Herein we understand a value as "an enduring belief" (Rokeach, 1968, p. 160) that can be perceived and grasped as one's universal belief(s) about desirable and undesirable conduct (Feather, 1975; Rokeach, 1970, 1973). An individual's "value system is an enduring organisation of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct or end-states of existence along a continuum of relative importance" (Rokeach, 1973, p. 43). Consequently, a value system can be examined by looking into the organisation (rank) of specific values that inform beliefs and guide conduct. The process of linking conduct to beliefs and values is often covert, which has led researchers like Feather (1990) to conclude that values can be tacit, and yet make up the very nucleus of self-concept, influencing both thought and action. Values are grounded in human nature and are often identifiable in everyday human life (Beck, 1993). Teachers in training need to debate purposes, values and ideologies of their learning and teaching (Ornstein et al., 2010), while also referring to evidence from their practicum. This research can infuse our conversation by drawing additional attention to the values that pre-service teacher hold.

Purpose

Method

Participants

Division	Female	Male	Total
Primary/Junior	158	8	166
Junior/Intermediate	120	33	153
Total	278	41	319

Procedure

Instrumentation

The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) is comprised of two lists of eighteen value statements that respondents rank order. Its initial validation testing involved a large sample (n>1,500) (Rokeach, 1973). Since its development in the late 1960's, it has been widely used and further validated; it is still in use today. (p. 3)

Analysis

We again computed a number that indicated the most highly ranked value for each division of the two existing in the education program. Two divisions could be delineated including Primary/Junior and Junior/ Intermediate. Mean scores were then calculated to allow us to economically examine, compare, and contrast results. The lower the score, the more often respondents ranked this value higher or closer to one. Conversely, a lower mean indicated a higher rank chosen by the participant. To assess differences between genders, a series of Independent Sample t-tests were implemented (Ryan & Robinson, 2012).

Results

Rank	Year One	Year Two	Year Three	Year Four	Year Five
1	Family security	Family security	Health	Family security	True friends
2	Freedom	True friends	True friends	Health	Family security
3	Health	Health	Freedom	True friends	Self-respect
4	True friends	Self-respect	Self-respect	Self-respect	Accomplish
5	Self-respect	Freedom	Family security	Freedom	Health
6	Equality	Equality	Equality	Equality	Wisdom
7	World at peace	Accomplish	Accomplish	Accomplish	Equality
8	Accomplish	Pleasure	Inner harmony	Comfortable	Comfortable
9	Wisdom	World at peace	World at peace	World at peace	Freedom
10	Comfortable	Comfortable	Pleasure	Pleasure	Mature Love
11	Inner harmony	Mature love	Wisdom	Mature love	Pleasure
12	Exciting life	Wisdom	Comfortable	Exciting life	Exciting life
13	Pleasure	Inner harmony	Exciting life	Inner harmony	World at peace
14	Recognition	Exciting Life	Mature love	Wisdom	Recognition
15	Mature love	Recognition	Recognition	Security	Inner harmony
16	Security	Security	Beauty	Recognition	Security
17	Beauty	Beauty	Security	Beauty	Beauty
18	Salvation	Salvation	Salvation	Salvation	Salvation

True friends was ranked second highest by the participants, with a cumulative score of 12 over the five years (4,2,2,3,1) with year 1 ranking it number one. Only year two and three ranked it similarly at two. Health was ranked third highest by our sample with a cumulative score of 14 (3,3,1,2,5), with year three ranking it number one. Only year four ranked it similarly at position two.

Self-respect was ranked fourth highest by our pre-service teachers, with a cumulative score of 20 (5,4,4,4,3). Year five ranked Self-respect third, whereas, years two, three, and four ranked it fourth. Freedom was valued fifth highest by the participants with a cumulative score of 24 over the five years (2,5,3,5,9,) with all years ranking Freedom differently. Only year two and four ranked it similarly at five.

Equality was ranked sixth by our sample, with a cumulative score of 31(6,6,6,6,7) as most years ranked it sixth except year five who ranked it seventh.

Addressing the results displayed in Table 3, we again elected to address the rank order (score) of each trait for the first six traits. We recognised that Honest was ranked the highest by participants with a cumulative score of 7 over the five years (2,1,1,1,2) with only year one and five ranking it lower than 1.

Rank	Year One	Year Two	Year Three	Year Four	Year Five
1	Responsible	Honest	Honest	Honest	Responsible
2	Honest	Responsible	Responsible	Loving	Honest
3	Loving	Loving	Ambitious	Loyal	Loving
4	Helpful	Loyal	Helpful	Responsible	Helpful
5	Polite	Helpful	Loving	Ambitious	Loyal
6	Ambitious	Polite	Loyal	Independent	Ambitious
7	Loyal	Ambitious	Broad-minded	Helpful	Independent
8	Independent	Forgiving	Polite	Broad-minded	Broad-minded
9	Broad-minded	Independent	Courageous	Intellectual	Courageous
10	Courageous	Broad-minded	Independent	Forgiving	Capable
11	Forgiving	Courageous	Capable	Courageous	Forgiving
12	Imaginative	Self-controlled	Imaginative	Polite	Polite
13	Self-controlled	Imaginative	Forgiving	Imaginative	Intellectual
14	Intellectual	Intellectual	Self-controlled	Logical	Imaginative
15	Logical	Logical	Logical	Self-controlled	Logical
16	Capable	Capable	Intellectual	Capable	Clean
17	Clean	Obedient	Obedient	Clean	Self-controlled
18	Obedient	Clean	Clean	Obedient	Obedient

Responsible was ranked second highest by participants with a cumulative score of 10 over the five years (1,2,2,4,1) with year one and five ranking it number one. Years two and three ranked it similarly at two, while year four ranked it four.

Loving was ranked third highest with a cumulative score of 16 (3,3,5,2,3), with year four ranking it number two. Years one, two and five ranked it third while year three ranked Loving as fifth.

Helpful ranked fourth highest by our pre-service teachers, with a cumulative score of 24 (4,5,4,7,4). Year four ranked Helpful seventh, whereas, year one, three, and five ranked it fourth.

Loyal was valued fifth highest, with a cumulative score of 25 over the five years (7,4,6,3,5), with all years ranking Loyal differently. Year four ranked Loyal highest at 3 and year one ranked it lowest at seven.

Ambitious was ranked sixth with a cumulative score of 27 (6,7,3,5,6) with years one and five ranking it sixth while year three ranked Ambitious third.

Table 4 illustrates the ranking of terminal values for each division (Primary/Junior includes grades K to 6 and Junior/Intermediate includes 4 to 9, meaning there is a slight overlap between the two).

Rank	Primary/Junior	Junior/Intermediate
1	Family security	Family security
2	True friends	Health
3	Health	True friends
4	Self-Respect	Freedom
5	Freedom	Self-respect
6	Equality	Equality
7	Sense of accomplishment	Sense of accomplishment
8	World at peace	Comfortable life
9	Pleasure	Wisdom
10	Inner harmony	World at peace
11	Comfortable life	Pleasure
12	Mature love	Mature love
13	Wisdom	Inner harmony
14	Exciting life	Exciting life
15	Social recognition	Social recognition
16	National security	National security
17	World of beauty	World of beauty
18	Salvation	Salvation

We chose to acknowledge the rank order (score) of each trait for the first six traits. We identified Family security as the highest ranking value in each division, with a cumulative score of 2 (1, 1). True friends and Health were ranked a tie for second by all participants, with a cumulative score of 5 (2 P/J, 3 J/I True friends and Health 3, 2).

Freedom was ranked third highest by our sample with a cumulative score of 9 (5, 4). Self-respect was also ranked third with a cumulative score of 9 (4, 5). Equality was ranked sixth by each division with a cumulative score of 12(6, 6).

In Table 5 we recognised that Honest and Responsible were ranked equally high by participants with a cumulative score of 3 in each case (Honest 2, 1 & 1, 2 Responsible). Loving was ranked second with a cumulative score of 7 (3, 4). Helpful and Loyal ranked third highest by our pre-service teachers with a cumulative score of 9 (4, 5 & 6, 3). Ambitious was ranked sixth (5, 6).

Rank	Primary/Junior	Junior/Intermediate
1	Responsible	Honest
2	Honest	Responsible
3	Loving	Loyal
4	Helpful	Loving
5	Ambitious	Helpful
6	Loyal	Ambitious
7	Polite	Polite
8	Broad-minded	Independent
9	Independent	Broad-minded
10	Forgiving	Forgiving
11	Imaginative	Courageous
12	Courageous	Self-controlled
13	Intellectual	Intellectual
14	Self-controlled	Imaginative
15	Logical	Capable
16	Capable	Logical
17	Clean	Clean
18	Obedient	Obedient

Table 6 displays Family security, ranked highest by the entire sample, regardless of gender, and summing the rank gave us a cumulative score of 4 (3 males,1 female). True friends was ranked second highest with a cumulative score of 5 (2 males, 3 females). Health and Freedom was ranked third highest by our sample with a cumulative score of 6 (4, 2 & 1, 5) respectively. Self-respect was ranked fourth by our pre-service male teachers with a cumulative score of 10 (6 males, 4 females). Equality was ranked fifth by our sample with a cumulative score of 11 (5 males, 6 females).

Rank	Male	Female
1	Freedom	Family security
2	True friends	Health
3	Family security	True Friends
4	Health	Self-respect
5	Equality	Freedom
6	Self-respect	Equality
7	Sense of accomplishment	Sense of accomplishment
8	Wisdom	World at peace
9	Comfortable life	Comfortable life
10	Pleasure	Pleasure
11	Social recognition	Inner harmony
12	Exciting life	Wisdom
13	Mature love	Mature love
14	Inner harmony	Exciting life
15	World at peace	Social recognition
16	National security	National security
17	World of beauty	World of beauty
18	Salvation	Salvation

Addressing the results displayed in Table 7, we realised that Honest was ranked highest by the entire sample and summing the rank gave us a cumulative score of 2 (1, 1). Responsible was ranked the second highest by participants with a cumulative score of 4 (2, 2). Ambitious was ranked third with a cumulative score of 9 (3, 6) and Loyal was also ranked third with a score of 9 (5, 4). Helpful and Loyal ranked fourth highest by our pre-service teachers with a cumulative score of 11 (6, 5 & 5, 4).

Rank	Male	Female
1	Honest	Honest
2	Responsible	Responsible
3	Ambitious	Loving
4	Polite	Loyal
5	Loyal	Helpful
6	Helpful	Ambitious
7	Logical	Polite
8	Loving	Independent
9	Broad-minded	Broad-minded
10	Intellectual	Forgiving
11	Self-controlled	Courageous
12	Forgiving	Imaginative
13	Imaginative	Intellectual
14	Independent	Self-controlled
15	Courageous	Capable
16	Capable	Logical
17	Obedient	Clean
18	Clean	Obedient

Concentrating on the results displayed in Table 8, we listed all 36 possible traits and the resultant rankings. In doing this we realised that within the Terminal values list, Family security was ranked the highest by the entire sample. True friends was ranked second highest. Health was ranked third highest by our sample and Self-respect was ranked fourth. Freedom was valued fifth highest by the participants and Equality was ranked sixth by our sample.

For Instrumental values we realised that Honest was ranked the highest by the entire sample and Responsible was ranked second highest. Loving was ranked second by all participants and Helpful was ranked fourth highest. Loyal was ranked fifth and Ambitious was ranked sixth.

Rank	Terminal Values	Instrumental Values
1	Family security	Honest
2	True friends	Responsible
3	Health	Loving
4	Self-respect	Helpful
5	Freedom	Loyal
6	Equality	Ambitious
7	Sense of accomplishment	Polite
8	World at peace	Broad-minded
9	Comfortable life	Independent
10	Pleasure	Forgiving
11	Wisdom	Courageous
12	Inner harmony	Imaginative
13	Mature love	Intellectual
14	Exciting life	Self-controlled
15	Social recognition	Capable
16	National security	Logical
17	World of beauty	Clean
18	Salvation	Obedient

Discussion

Instrumental values

All teachers in the province of Ontario are required to be a member of the Ontario College of Teachers. It is this professional body that has stated that: "Members of the Ontario College of Teachers, in their position of trust, demonstrate responsibility in their relationships with students, parents, guardians, colleagues, educational partners, other professionals, the environment and the public" (Ontario College of Teachers, 2012). This position bodes well for our selected sample of pre-service educators since data complemented the position of the Ontario College of Teachers (OCT). We believed this was a result of several factors, for instance, "professional training and education also inculcate values and ways of thinking that are peculiar to the profession. Each professional group develops a characteristic stance toward the world, a language with which to interpret it and respond to it" (Lebacqz, 1985, p. 52). At times the actions of the Ontario College of Teachers may appear paternalistic as they have suggested the that aim of education, through teachers, is to transmit the right values and act within the OCT ethical guidelines while teaching (Ontario College of Teachers, 2012).

Terminal values

the concept that the teacher is acting in loco parentis has gradually evolved through legal precedent. This means that the teacher stands, in relation to the student, in the position of a caring parent, as an unofficial guardian. This concept not only allows the teacher some of the privileges of a parent but also brings with it added responsibilities for the protection of pupils. Thus, a teacher could be liable for damage caused to a pupil where the teacher's conduct falls below the standard of care commonly accepted as being reasonable in a parent-child relationship. A teacher may even have to meet a higher standard of care where special knowledge makes the teacher aware of dangers that the normal parent might not appreciate (Alberta Teachers Association, 2010).

True friends was ranked second highest by participants, with year one ranking it number one. Only year two and three ranked it similarly as number two. We believe True friends was ranked highly since "human beings are biologically programmed to relate to each other and cooperate in many ways. The need to relate to others is considered to be a basic and fundamental human need" (Hincks-Dellcrest Centre, 2011). Education is generally perceived to be a social process that meets human needs by connecting people to one another via various activities, tasks and experiences, so having True friends is important in school and life. The Ontario based Hincks-Dellcrest Centre (2011) explained how "friendship refers to relationships between two individuals. Friendship is based on mutual liking and shared interests. Children begin to think of friendships as relationships that involve common values, commitment, loyalty, mutual support and reliability. Friends can confide in and gain support from one another" (p. 1). Teachers are in a position to model social skills and nurture friendships with peers, students and parents. This modelling can teach students how they can make and maintain true friends as they engage and progress educationally and socially in schools. Having friends and forming relationships with friends can impact Health.

Health was ranked third highest by our sample, with year three ranking it number one. Only year four ranked it similarly at position two. This outcome complements international research by Veisson (2009) who found, based on "Rokeach's and Schwartz's questionnaires, that Estonians considered the most important values to be health" (Kalmus & Vihalemm, 2004). Veisson (2009) further concluded that students' health is relatively highly valued by teachers and school directors following a survey "administered to 3838 students, 2048 parents, 620 teachers and 120 school directors" (p. 67). When we are unhealthy our quality of life is negatively impacted, which impairs our lived experiences and performance. If so our values may change (Beck, 1993).

Self-respect (self-esteem), ranked fourth highest by our pre-service teachers was ranked third by fifth year students, whereas, year two, three, and four ranked self-respect fourth. Self-respect, and self esteem are required if one is to learn, and act with confidence (Burns, 1991). Teaching in pre-service requires successful completion of practicum in which they are graded, evaluated, and deemed competent by university supervisors, associate teachers and the very students they teach, who respond to what they sense. The practicum is a cathartic moment in which self-esteem is infused with outcomes and reflective notions of teaching performance, hence the need to value self-respect, as this research indicates. Dobbins (1996) found,

student teachers' ability to cope during the practicum was affected by their self-esteem, which fluctuated throughout the practicum, depending on the nature of each individual, his/her energy level, how well he/she was managing the professional demands of "being a student teacher" and the personal pressures on him/her and the amount of support he/she received. ... People cope better when they feel good about themselves and have plenty of energy. When they are worried or tired their ability to cope declines. The emotional turmoil which the student teachers endured as a "constant companion" throughout the practicum (as a result of trying to "please everybody" and "be perfect") ... (p. 22)

Gender

value differences between the sexes are fairly consistent and stable (Feather, 1984), which may be due to the fact that males are generally socialized/predisposed to a higher degree of: (a) agentic/power, achievement, and risk taking (stimulation) values, (b) an expressive desire for hedonism (sexual gratification), (c) autonomy and self-direction, (d) noncommunal-expressive orientations, (e) forcefulness and assertiveness, and (f) nontraditionalism (Prince-Gibson & Schwartz, 1998) [ and] ... females generally valued (more than males) being loving, being honest, self-respect, and inner harmony, whereas males valued (more than females) being logical and having a comfortable life (Feather, 1984). (Hofmann, 2009, p. 117-118)

This outcome complemented earlier research by Ryan & Robinson (2012) that found

The top six instrumental values for both males and females consisted of the same values. Both genders listed Honest as the highest ranked value while ranking Loving as the second highest value and Loyal as the third highest value. Females ranked 'Responsible' as fourth while males ranked it as sixth. Helpful was ranked fifth by females and fourth by males while 'Independent' was sixth for females and fifth for males.

Year of study

Terminal values
"Well-being or the good life involves attaining basic values such as ... health ... friendship ... self-respect ... freedom. These values, which are largely ends in themselves, are tied to basic human desires and tendencies" (Beck, 1993, p. 21-22). Within our top 6 values, Family security was ranked highest with only year three and five ranking it lower than 1. True friends was ranked second. Only year two and three ranked it similarly at two. Health was ranked third with year three ranking it number one. Only year four ranked it similarly at level two. Self-respect was ranked fourth. Freedom was valued fifth highest with all years ranking Freedom differently. Only year two and four ranked it similarly at five. Equality was ranked sixth with all years ranking it as such, except year five who ranked it seventh. Beck (1993) reminds us that "the basic values -- survival, happiness, friendship and so on -- are pursued throughout life by virtually everyone, although ... their form often changes" (p.10).

Conclusions and recommendations

However, what seems to be commonplace can quickly give way to differences of opinion, arguments and conflict. For example, teachers may object to the notion that they are teaching thoughtless conformity to school rules or that teaching responsibility is nothing more than getting students to do what adults want (Kohn, 2010, p. 185). Being honest within certain contexts may look very different than the words used within this survey research and this then becomes one of recommendations: Pre-service educators need to continue to clarify their values and be aware and critically examine how these values are applied and used within the multiple contexts of teaching.

A a new teacher assuming a role within the school will immediately be challenged by many elements within the school organisation and environment. Consider the fact that a recent study revealed that,

the top four terminal and instrumental values for professors and school administrators are a sense of accomplishment, self-respect, wisdom, and freedom, as well as being responsible, capable, broadminded, and intellectual, respectively. Also important in education are equality, inner harmony, and family security (terminal values), as well as [being] honest, courageous, imaginative, independent, logical, and helpful (instrumental values). (Hofmann, 2009, p. 132)

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Appendix A

Gender .............................

Division ...................................

Year of Study ..........

Rokeach's value survey (RVS) Terminal values

____ A comfortable life (a prosperous life)
____ An exciting life (a stimulating, active life)
____ A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution)
____ A world at peace (free of war and conflict)
____ A world of beauty (beauty of nature and the arts)
____ Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all)
____ Family security (taking care of loved ones)
____ Freedom (independence, free choice)
____ Happiness (contentedness, freedom from sadness)
____ Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict)
____ Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy)
____ National security (protection from attack)
____ Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life)
____ Salvation (saved, eternal life)
____ Self-respect (self-esteem)
____ Social recognition (respect, admiration)
____ True friendship (close companionship)
____ Wisdom (a mature understanding of life)

Instrumental values

____ Ambitious (hard-working, aspiring)
____ Broadminded (open-minded)
____ Capable (competent, effective)
____ Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)
____ Clean (neat, tidy)
____ Courageous (standing up for your beliefs)
____ Forgiving (willing to pardon others)
____ Helpful (working for the welfare of others)
____ Honest (sincere, truthful)
____ Imaginative (daring, creative)
____ Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient)
____ Intellectual (intelligent, reflective)
____ Logical (consistent, rational)
____ Loving (affectionate, tender)
____ Obedient (dutiful, respectful)
____ Polite (courteous, well-mannered)
____ Responsible (dependable, reliable)
____ Self-controlled (restrained, self-disciplined)

Authors: Dr Thomas G. Ryan is Professor of Education within Graduate Studies at Nipissing University, Ontario, Canada. Email: thomasr@nipissingu.ca Courtney R. Schruder MEd is an Ontario educator and former graduate student at Nipissing, Ontario, Canada. Stephanie Robinson is a graduate student and research assistant in the Schulich School of Education at Nipissing University, Ontario, Canada. Please cite as: Ryan, T. G., Schruder, C. R. & Robinson, S. (2013). Concurrent pre-service teachers: An analysis of values. Issues in Educational Research, 23(3), 394-414. http://www.iier.org.au/iier23/ryan.html